Programming languages

Similar to classic languages, programming languages have their syntax and semantics. Syntax is the way of writing commands, and it is checked by compiler.

Checking is done for:
- are appropriate symbols were used
- are appropriate instructions were used
- are format of datas ok
- is program executable in appropriate time (is there any undefined operations,
dividing with zero)

Semantics is quality higher level and includes checking of logistics of program that satisfied rules of syntax. That means that it is needed for results of editing to be correct result otherwise the program would have no sense. Expressions: V=a*b*c and V=a+b+c are correct in syntax way, and computer can calculate those 2 expressions but V=a+b+c wrong and if we want to calculate Volume of body with given dimensions a,b and c.

Programming languages can be sorted into 2 groups:
- Programming languages of higher level (PLHL) and
- Programming languages of lower level (PLLL)

PLHL are logical closer to a human and their application is easier and check and correction of mistakes, faster. PLLL are closer to a computer so programming is harder. Advantage is that programming code is shorter so its execution is much faster and it demands less computer resources such as, processor, mount of RAM memory, capacity of HDD, etc...

For those reasons PLLL are interested for military applications. Most popular representatives of PLLL are assembler and machine language while programming languages C, C++ and C# are programming languages that have good sides of PLHL and PLLL. PLLL can directly access to specific bits inside byte of data, which is key ability for their success in industrial and military purposes.

PLHL

They have been developed for long time period and thay have specialized for surtain jobs or technical applies.

Most known ones are:

1. Fortran (Formula Translation)
- made for solving of mathematic problems, has large libraries for solving mathematic problems

2. Algol (Algorithm Oriented Language)
- nade for solving mathematic problems but less used than Fortran.

3. BASIC (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
- made for education of beginners in programming area. Object-oriented and much more complex version is known as Visual BASIC.

4. PASCAL (Turbo Pascal)
- Wide applied programming language with great possibilities which designed prof. Niklaus Wirth. Professionals mostly use advanced version of Turbo Pascal and is Object-Oriented and more powerful version of TP, called Delphi. It is considered that Delphi is better from Visual Basic as much as Pascal is from Q-BASIC.

5. Modula
- this is programming language that developed Niklaus Wirth with very interested logic. It has big number of modules. Every module has one input and output point. Programming is actually just calling modules. Even if language is very interesting and powerful, it is considered that it has late because users are already using TP and C

6. COBOL (Common Business Oriented Lang.)
- is prog. lang. for developing of applications in business in world such as banks, and insurance companies.

7. ADA
- is official language of Pentagon and NATO.

8. LOGO (LISP)
- it is PL made for developing applications of expert systems and simulation of logic. Expert systems are huge programs that deal with special way of systemizing acknowladges of experts form specific areas (medicine, physicists, chemist).

9. C++
- is PL which has good elements of PLLL and PLHL. That means you can directly access to bits in some byte as PLLL, but using IDE and similar characteristics of PLHL. It is complicated for using so they are mostly used by professionals. Big amount of comercial application software is developed and written in c++ (windows, office)